Say, in the context of finding microbial life on Mars (i.e., organisms that evolved from the start with six nucleotides, not just taking current terrestrial organisms and swapping out the nucleic acids and ribosomes).
Say, in the context of finding microbial life on Mars (i.e., organisms that evolved from the start with six nucleotides, not just taking current terrestrial organisms and swapping out the nucleic acids and ribosomes).
With three, if two (at least if its the first two) are correct, you still have a decent chance of still making the same thing. If you only have 2 BPs, any mistake is very likely to change the protein produced.
But wouldn’t that be offset by the potential errors avoided in reducing the size of the genome by a third?
No
How so? If you have a certain probability of an erroneous match on each base pair, the probability of a successful transcription of a gene is just a binomial probability depending on the length of the gene and the probability of error on each base pair. If you reduce the length of the gene, you reduce the total probability of error.
Not all base pairs contribute equally to the result given the code is degenerate, by decreasing the codon size you’re increasing the error probability regardless of gene size by reducing degeneracy. Since proteins would still functionally have the same number of aminoacids but now the signal to noise ratio of transcription would have a greater per aminoacid effect.
I’m no biologist (I’ve only had some basic biochemistry), could you elaborate on this? As far as I can recall, each codon encodes a specific amino acid, which means that a single base pair being mistranscripted leads to the wrong amino acid, potentially breaking the protein.
Not sure I get what you mean here either? The difference is in whether each base(-pair) encodes a binary or a ternary bit. Lossless compression redundant data (i.e. what you do when moving from a binary to ternary format) doesn’t change the signal-to-noise ratio.
There are 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 possible codons, but only 20(-ish) amino acids. This leaves quite a few spares for some built-in redundancy.
For example, UCU, UCC, UCA, and UCG all code for Serine. The third letter can mutate or be mistranscribed, and still produce an identical protein.
This was my first thought as well,